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The Hippopotamus Defence is a name for various irregular chess opening systems in which Black moves a number of his pawns to the third rank, often developing his pieces to the second rank, and does not move any of his pawns to the fourth rank in the opening. ==Evaluation== Chess master and author Fred Reinfeld once stated of it that "any expert player would dismiss Black's position as lost."〔Fred Reinfeld, ''The Complete Chess Course'', Doubleday & Company, 1953, p. 323.〕 Grandmaster Reuben Fine, one of the world's strongest players in the 1930s and 1940s, instructing his readers how to deal with such "Irregular Openings", wrote that "once a plus in development or center is set up, a well-conducted attack will decide."〔Reuben Fine, ''Ideas Behind the Chess Openings'', David McKay, 1943, p. 228.〕 Reinfeld, who died in 1964,〔Jeremy Gaige, ''Chess Personalia: A Biobibliography'', McFarland & Company, 1987, p. 350. ISBN 0-7864-2353-6.〕 might have been surprised to see Black employing the same system of development successfully in the 1966 world championship match. There, Boris Spassky employed the same set-up, dubbed the "Hippopotamus" by commentators, in the 12th and 16th match games against World Champion Tigran Petrosian. In both games Spassky developed his bishops to b7 and g7, and his knights to d7 and e7.〔(Petrosian-Spassky, World Championship, 1966, Game 12 ). ChessGames.com. Retrieved on 2009-05-05.〕〔(Petrosian-Spassky, World Championship, 1966, Game 16 ). ChessGames.com. Retrieved on 2009-05-05.〕 (See diagrams.) Both games ended in draws. (See illustrative games below.) In employing this system against Petrosian, Spassky was likely inspired by the Slovak International Master Maximilian Ujtelky, who had been experimenting with similar openings for several years.〔(Maximilian Ujtelky Playing the Robatsch ). ChessGames.com. Retrieved on 2009-0505.〕 Ujtelky's game as Black against Spassky at Sochi 1964, in which he played the same setup Spassky later adopted against Petrosian, is given below. Ujtelky played even more provocatively in some other games, such as against the very strong Soviet International Master Rashid Nezhmetdinov in the same tournament (see diagram at right). Nezhmetdinov sacrificed pawns on moves 26, 36, and 41, a knight on move 45, and a bishop on move 47 – and lost in 75 moves.〔(Nezhmetdinov-Ujtelky, Chigorin Memorial, Sochi 1964 ). ChessGames.com. Retrieved on 2009-05-05.〕 Amatzai Avni, an Israeli FIDE Master and psychologist, has written of Ujtelky's play:〔Amatzia Avni, ''Devious Chess: How to Bend the Rules and Win'', Batsford, 2006, p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7134-9004-6.〕 Basically, Ujtelky was provoking his opponents to the extreme and was waiting for them to have a nervous breakdown. Sometimes he was slaughtered, at other times his scheme paid dividends. International Master Andrew Martin has written of the Hippopotamus, "The idea is that Black develops within his first three ranks at the beginning of the game. He will construct a solid, stable yet flexible position, wait to see what White is doing and react accordingly."〔Andrew Martin, ''The Hippopotamus Rises: The Re-emergence of a Chess Opening'', Batsford, 2006, p. 9. ISBN 978-0-7134-8989-7.〕 Grandmaster Tiger Hillarp Persson has written:〔Tiger Hillarp Persson, ''Tiger's Modern'', Quality Chessbooks, 2005, p. 93. ISBN 91-975243-6-0.〕 ()he Hippo lies low in the water. It looks almost ridiculously passive and many theoreticians consider the Hippo to be a peaceful, almost meek animal. But nothing could be further from the truth. On closer scrutiny the animal, the position, and the statistics look almost entirely different. The Hippo is a fierce animal; ready to crush anyone who gets too close.Vlastimil Hort, Igor Glek and Mihai Suba are among the grandmasters who have employed the Hippo, and Kiril Georgiev has used it as an anti-computer line. As alluded to above, IM Andrew Martin wrote a book, ''The Hippopotamus Rises: The Re-emergence of a Chess Opening'', about that opening in 2005. See reviews (here ) and (here ). The term "Hippopotamus Defence" was also used by the English amateur J. C. Thompson to describe a system of his devising, where Black played c6, d6, e6, and f6; developed his knight, via h6, to f7; and did not necessarily fianchetto his bishops. As White, Thompson played the mirror-image of this. Thompson advocated this system in his 1957 book ''Hippopotamus Chess Opening''.〔R. D. Keene and G. S. Botterill, ''The Modern Defence'', Batsford, 1972, p. 142. ISBN 0-7134-0360-8.〕〔Andrew Martin, ''The Hippopotamus Rises: The Re-emergence of a Chess Opening'', Batsford, 2006, p. 5. ISBN 978-0-7134-8989-7.〕 However, Martin writes that "frankly, his ideas have little value today".〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hippopotamus Defence」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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